GRIP

GRIP



Taxon:  Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb



Summary
Genus:
Prunus
Subgenus:
Amygdalus
Family:
Rosaceae
Subfamily:
Amygdaloideae
Tribe:
Amygdaleae
Nomen number:
29890
Place of publication:
Feddes Repert. 74:24. 1967
Verified:
04/12/2011 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System. 
Other conspecific taxa
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Amygdalus dulcis Mill.

Autonym(s)
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb var. dulcis

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Amygdalus communis L.
Amygdalus communis L. var. communis
Prunus amygdalus Batsch
Prunus communis (L.) Arcang.
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb var. amara (DC.) Buchheim
No images


Reference(s)
  1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
  2. Ali, S. I. & S. M. H. Jafri, eds. 1976-. Flora of Libya. Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  3. Aradhya, M. K. et al. 2004. Molecular characterization of variability and relationships among seven cultivated and selected wild species of Prunus L. using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Sci. Hort. 103:131-144.
  4. Badenes, M. L. & D. E. Parfitt. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of cultivated Prunus species from analysis of chloroplast DNA. Theor. Appl. Genet. 90:1035-1041.
  5. Bortiri, E. et al. 2001. Phylogeny and systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as determined by sequence analysis of ITS and the chloroplast trnL-trnF spacer DNA. Syst. Bot. 26:797-807. www.aspt.net/systematic-botany
  6. Bortiri, E. et al. 2006. Phylogenetic analysis of morphology in Prunus reveals extensive homoplasy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 259:53-71.
  7. Browicz, K. & D. Zohary. 1996. The genus Amygdalus L. (Rosaceae): species relationships, distribution and evolution under domestication. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 43:233. Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  8. Chin, S.-W. et al. 2014. Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries - Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae). Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 76:34-48. Note: = Prunus amygdalus
  9. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  10. Craker, L. E. & J. E. Simon, eds. 1986-1987. Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants, 2 vols. Note: = Prunus dulcis var. dulcis
  11. Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  12. Demilly, D. et al. 1996. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 6. Note: GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France
  13. Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
  14. Duke, J. A. 1989. Handbook of Nuts CRC Press.
  15. Encke, F. et al. 1993. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 14. Auflage Note: = Prunus dulcis var. amara
  16. Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage
  17. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
  18. Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants Kampong Publications. Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  19. Gradziel, T. M. & P. Martínez-Gómez. 2013. Chapter 4. Almond breeding. Pl. Breed. Rev. 37:207-255.
  20. Gradziel, T. M. 2009. Almond (Prunus dulcis) breeding. Breeding plantation tree crops: temperate species 1-31.
  21. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
  22. Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
  23. Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
  24. Kester, D. E. et al. 1991. Almonds (Prunus). Acta Hort. 290:701-760. Note: = Prunus communis
  25. Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976)
  26. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
  27. Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
  28. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
  29. Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
  30. Mowrey, B. D. & D. J. Werner. 1990. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Prunus as inferred by isozyme markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 80:129-133.
  31. Ortega-Sada, J. L. 1987. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos.
  32. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
  33. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
  34. Rosengarten, F. 1984. The book of edible nuts
  35. Sorkheh, K. et al. 2009. Phenotypic diversity within native Iranian almond (Prunus spp.) species and their breeding potential. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 56:947-961. Note: this study evaluated nine samples of this species recognized as Prunus communis
  36. Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq. Note: = Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch
  37. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
  38. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
  39. Yazbek, M. & S.-H. Oh. 2013. Peaches and almonds: phylogeny of Prunus subg. Amygdalus (Rosaceae) based on DNA sequences and morphology. Pl. Syst. Evol. 299:1403-1418.
  40. Zeinalabedini, M. et al. 2010. The origin and dissemination of the cultivated almond as determined by nuclear and chloroplast SSR marker analysis. Sci. Hort. 120:593-601.
Common names
English
almond –
bitter almond –
sweet almond –
French
amandier –
amandier commun –
German
Bittermandelbaum –
Knackmandel –
Mandel –
Mandelbaum –
Italian
mandorio –
Japanese Rōmaji
āmondo –
Portuguese
amendoeira –
Portuguese (Brazil)
amêndoa-amarga –
amêndoa-doce –
Spanish
almendro –
Swedish
bittermandel –
mandel –
Transcribed Chinese
bian tao –
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNote
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaTurkmenistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateMiddle AsiaUzbekistan  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIsrael  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaJordan w.
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaLebanon  
1NativeAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey s.
2Cultivated    cult. mainly in Mediterranean region, temperate Asia, N. & S. America, South Africa, & Australia
4NaturalizedAfricaMacaronesiaSpainCanarias 
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco  
4NaturalizedAfricaNorthern AfricaTunisia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateCaucasusArmenia  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaCyprus  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaIran  
4NaturalizedEuropeMiddle EuropeSwitzerland  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeBulgaria  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sicily
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeNorth Macedonia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSoutheastern EuropeSerbia  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFranceCorse 
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  
4NaturalizedEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain incl. Baleares
Native
Asia-Temperate
  • WESTERN ASIA: Israel, Jordan (w.), Lebanon, Turkey (s.)
  • MIDDLE ASIA: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Cultivated (cult. mainly in Mediterranean region, temperate Asia, N. & S. America, South Africa, & Australia)
Naturalized
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Spain [Canarias]
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Asia-Temperate
  • WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Iran
  • CAUCASUS: Armenia
Europe
  • MIDDLE EUROPE: Switzerland
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sicily), North Macedonia, Serbia
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France [Corse], Portugal
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Bee plantshoney production Ortega-Sada, J. L. 1987. Flora de interes apicola y polinizacion de cultivos.
Food additivesflavoringas Amygdalus communis ‘Amara’Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia, a source book of edible plants Kampong Publications. Note: = Amygdalus communis L.
Human foodnut Krüssmann, G. 1984. Manual of cultivated broad-leaved trees and shrubs (English translation of Handbuch der Laubgehölze. 1976)
Materialslipidsalmond oil for pharmaceutical useMarkle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2
Medicinesfolklore Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs
Medicinesfolklore McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Vertebrate poisonsmammals"bitter almond", as Prunus amygdalusKingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada.
Vertebrate poisonsmammalsas Amygdalus communisCooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2025. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://grip.mawarid.gov.om/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=29890. Accessed 15 May 2025.