GRIP

GRIP



Taxon:  Cynara cardunculus L. (Cynara cardunculus Cardoon and Scolymus Groups)



Summary
Genus:
Cynara
Family:
Asteraceae (alt. Compositae)
Subfamily:
Carduoideae
Tribe:
Cardueae
Subtribe:
Carduinae
Nomen number:
12839
Place of publication:
Sp. pl. 2:827. 1753
Comment:
[cultivated forms include C. cardunculus Cardoon and Scolymus Groups]
Verified:
01/05/2011 ARS Systematic Botanists.
Accessions:
0 (0  active, 0  available) in National Plant Germplasm System. 
Other conspecific taxa
Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus (0 active accession[s])
Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. flavescens Wiklund (0 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
No images


Reference(s)
  1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) www.skud.info
  2. Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961-. Flora of New Zealand.
  3. Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  4. Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
  5. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
  6. Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto. 1988. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23)
  7. FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
  8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource).
  9. Gatto, A. et al. 2013. Population structure of Cynara cardunculus complez and the origin of the conspecific crops artichoke and cardoon. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 112:855-865.
  10. Gominho, J. et al. 2001. Cynara cardunculus L. - a new fibre crop for pulp and paper production. Industr. Crops Prod. 13:1-10.
  11. Hnatiuk, R. J. 1990. Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 11.
  12. Hu, S.-Y. 1970. Compositae of China. 340.
  13. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
  14. International Seed Testing Association. 1982. A Multilingual Glossary of Common Plant-Names 1. Field crops, grasses and vegetables, ed. 2.
  15. Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. 2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
  16. Jessop, J. P. & H. R. Toelken, eds. 1986. Flora of South Australia, ed. 4.
  17. Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez, eds. 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75
  18. Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
  19. Lanteri, S. & E. Portis. 2008. Globe artichoke and cardoon. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vegetables I 1:49-74. Note: this review used the names "Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus" to refer to artichoke, and "var. altilis" for cardoon; the latter a name of unresolved nomenclatural status
  20. Lanteri, S. et al. 2012. Morphology and SSR fingerprinting of newly developed Cynara cardunculus genotypes exploitable as ornamentals. Euphytica 184:311-321. Note: Netherlands journal of plant breeding
  21. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
  22. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
  23. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
  24. Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
  25. Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora.
  26. Parsons, W. T. & E. G. Cuthbertson. 1992. Noxious weeds of Australia Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
  27. Personal Care Products Council. INCI
  28. Pignone, D. & G. Sonnante. 2004. Wild artichokes of south Italy: did the story begin here? Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 51:577-580.
  29. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
  30. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants Note: = Cynara scolymus
  31. Robba, L. et al. 2005. The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L. (Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA. Pl. Syst. Evol. 253:53-64.
  32. Rottenberg, A. & D. Zohary. 1996. The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 43:53-58.
  33. Rottenberg, A. et al. 1996. Isozyme relationships between cultivated artichoke and the wild relatives. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 43:59-62.
  34. Rzedowski, J. & G. Rzedowski, eds. 1991-. Flora del Bajio y de regiones adyacentes.
  35. Sonnante, G. et al. 2007. On the origin of artichoke and cardoon from the Cynara gene pool as revealed by rDNA sequence variation. Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 54:483-495.
  36. Sonnante, G. et al. 2007. The domestication of artichoke and cardoon: from Roman times to the genomic age. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 100:1095-1100.
  37. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1976. Flora europaea. 4:248.
  38. Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource).
  39. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
  40. Wiklund, A. 1992. The genus Cynara L. (Asteraceae: Cardueae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109:113.
  41. Willis, J. H. 1970-1972. A handbook to plants in Victoria.
  42. Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone, eds. 1996, 1999. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina. I. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae y Angiospermae (Monocotyledonae), II. Dicotyledonae. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60, 74.
Common names
English
artichoke –
artichoke thistle –
cardoon –
globe artichoke –
Scotch thistle –
Scottish thistle –
Spanish artichoke –
French
artichaut commun –
cardon d'Espagne –
German
Artischocke –
Gemüseartischocke –
Kardone –
Italian
carciofo –
Portuguese
alcachofra –
cardo –
Spanish
alcachofa –
alcaucil –
cardo –
cardo de comer –
Swedish
kardon –
Distribution
order_codeStatusContinentSubcontinentCountryStateNote
1NativeAfricaMacaronesiaSpainCanarias 
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaAlgeria n.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaLibya n.w.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaMorocco n.
1NativeAfricaNorthern AfricaTunisia  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeAlbania  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeCroatia  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeGreece  
1NativeEuropeSoutheastern EuropeItaly incl. Sardinia, Sicily
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeFrance s. & Corsica
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropePortugal  
1NativeEuropeSouthwestern EuropeSpain incl. Baleares
2Cultivated    widely cult.
2CultivatedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaPeru  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaCyprus  
4NaturalizedAsia-TemperateWestern AsiaTurkey  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaAustraliaAustralia  
4NaturalizedAustralasiaNew ZealandNew Zealand  
4NaturalizedEurope Europe  
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoGuanajuato 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoMichoacán de Ocampo 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthern MexicoMexicoQuerétaro 
4NaturalizedNorthern AmericaSouthwestern U.S.A.United StatesCalifornia 
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaArgentina  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaSouthern South AmericaChile  
4NaturalizedSouthern AmericaWestern South AmericaEcuador  
Native
Africa
  • MACARONESIA: Spain [Canarias]
  • NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria (n.), Libya (n.w.), Morocco (n.), Tunisia
Europe
  • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Albania, Greece, Croatia, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily)
  • SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: Spain (incl. Baleares), France (s. & Corsica), Portugal
Cultivated

  • REGION:
Southern America
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Peru
Naturalized
Asia-Temperate
  • WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Turkey
Australasia
  • AUSTRALIA: Australia
  • NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand
Europe
  • REGION: Europe
Northern America
  • SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [California]
  • SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Guanajuato, Michoacán de Ocampo, Querétaro]
Southern America
  • WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador
  • SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile
Economic Uses
UsageTypeNoteReference
Environmentalornamental Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds
Human foodbeverage basefor making cynar fide Syst Evol Biog Comp 50. 2009, as C. scolymusFunk, V. A. et al., eds. 2009. Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of Compositae International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, Austria. 50.
Human foodvegetableleaves and receptacle of inflorescenceWiklund, A. 1992. The genus Cynara L. (Asteraceae: Cardueae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 109:113.
Materialspotential as fiberfor paper productionGominho, J. et al. 2001. Cynara cardunculus L. - a new fibre crop for pulp and paper production. Industr. Crops Prod. 13:1-10.
Medicinessource of cynarin McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Medicinessource of cynarin Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto. 1988. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23)
Weedpotential seed contaminant Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
Weedpotential seed contaminantfide Invasive Pl SpecFarnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto. 1988. Global importance of medicinal plants (unpublished draft manuscript rev. 23)
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2025. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://grip.mawarid.gov.om/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=12839. Accessed 12 May 2025.